启动¶

Set up

初始化app¶

Init app

中文英文

在您定义所有模型后，Tortoise 需要您初始化它们，以便创建模型之间的反向关系，并将您的数据库客户端与相应的模型匹配。

您可以这样做：

from tortoise import Tortoise

async def init():
    # 在这里我们使用文件 "db.sqlite3" 创建一个 SQLite 数据库
    # 同时指定应用名称为 "models"
    # 其中包含来自 "app.models" 的模型
    await Tortoise.init(
        db_url='sqlite://db.sqlite3',
        modules={'models': ['app.models']}
    )
    # 生成模式
    await Tortoise.generate_schemas()

在这里，我们创建一个 SQLite 数据库客户端的连接，然后发现并初始化模型。

generate_schema 在空数据库上生成模式，您不应该在每次应用初始化时运行它，可能只需运行一次，最好在主代码之外。在生成模式时，您还可以选择将 safe 参数设置为 True，这将仅在表不存在时插入表。

如果您在 app.models 模块中定义变量 __models__ （或在您指定加载模型的其他地方）， generate_schema 将使用该列表，而不是自动为您查找模型。

After you defined all your models, tortoise needs you to init them, in order to create backward relations between models and match your db client with appropriate models.

You can do it like this:

from tortoise import Tortoise

async def init():
    # Here we create a SQLite DB using file "db.sqlite3"
    #  also specify the app name of "models"
    #  which contain models from "app.models"
    await Tortoise.init(
        db_url='sqlite://db.sqlite3',
        modules={'models': ['app.models']}
    )
    # Generate the schema
    await Tortoise.generate_schemas()

Here we create connection to SQLite database client and then we discover & initialize models.

generate_schema generates schema on empty database, you shouldn’t run it on every app init, run it just once, maybe out of your main code. There is also the option when generating the schemas to set the safe parameter to True which will only insert the tables if they don’t already exist.

If you define the variable __models__ in the app.models module (or wherever you specify to load your models from), generate_schema will use that list, rather than automatically finding models for you.

清理的重要性¶

The Importance of cleaning up

中文英文

Tortoise ORM 将保持与外部数据库的连接。作为一个 asyncio Python 库，它需要正确关闭连接，否则 Python 解释器可能仍会等待这些连接的完成。

为确保连接被关闭，请确保调用 Tortoise.close_connections():

await Tortoise.close_connections()

小帮助函数 tortoise.run_async() 将确保连接被关闭。

Tortoise ORM will keep connections open to external Databases. As an asyncio Python library, it needs to have the connections closed properly or the Python interpreter may still wait for the completion of said connections.

To ensure connections are closed please ensure that Tortoise.close_connections() is called:

await Tortoise.close_connections()

The small helper function tortoise.run_async() will ensure that connections are closed.

参考¶

Reference

class tortoise.BaseDBAsyncClient(connection_name, fetch_inserted=True, **kwargs)[source]¶

Base class for containing a DB connection.

Parameters get passed as kwargs, and is mostly driver specific.

query_class Type[pypika.Query]¶: The PyPika Query dialect (low level dialect)

executor_class Type[BaseExecutor]¶: The executor dialect class (high level dialect)

schema_generator Type[BaseSchemaGenerator]¶: The DDL schema generator

capabilities Capabilities¶: Contains the connection capabilities

acquire_connection()[source]¶

Acquires a connection from the pool. Will return the current context connection if already in a transaction.

Return type:¶: Union[ConnectionWrapper[~T_conn], PoolConnectionWrapper[~T_conn]]

capabilities : Capabilities = <tortoise.backends.base.client.Capabilities object>¶

async close()[source]¶

Closes the DB connection.

Return type:¶: None

async create_connection(with_db)[source]¶

Establish a DB connection.

Parameters:¶

with_db¶: If True, then select the DB to use, else use default. Use case for this is to create/drop a database.

Return type:¶

None

async db_create()[source]¶

Created the database in the server. Typically only called by the test runner.

Need to have called create_connection()` with parameter with_db=False set to use the default connection instead of the configured one, else you would get errors indicating the database doesn’t exist.

Return type:¶: None

async db_delete()[source]¶

Delete the database from the Server. Typically only called by the test runner.

Need to have called create_connection()` with parameter with_db=False set to use the default connection instead of the configured one, else you would get errors indicating the database is in use.

Return type:¶: None

async execute_insert(query, values)[source]¶

Executes a RAW SQL insert statement, with provided parameters.

Parameters:¶

query¶: The SQL string, pre-parametrized for the target DB dialect.
values¶: A sequence of positional DB parameters.

Return type:¶

Any

Returns:¶

The primary key if it is generated by the DB. (Currently only integer autonumber PK’s)

async execute_many(query, values)[source]¶

Executes a RAW bulk insert statement, like execute_insert, but returns no data.

Parameters:¶

query¶: The SQL string, pre-parametrized for the target DB dialect.
values¶: A sequence of positional DB parameters.

Return type:¶

None

async execute_query(query, values=None)[source]¶

Executes a RAW SQL query statement, and returns the resultset.

Parameters:¶

query¶: The SQL string, pre-parametrized for the target DB dialect.
values=None¶: A sequence of positional DB parameters.

Return type:¶

Tuple[int, Sequence[dict]]

Returns:¶

A tuple of: (The number of rows affected, The resultset)

async execute_query_dict(query, values=None)[source]¶

Executes a RAW SQL query statement, and returns the resultset as a list of dicts.

Parameters:¶

query¶: The SQL string, pre-parametrized for the target DB dialect.
values=None¶: A sequence of positional DB parameters.

Return type:¶

List[dict]

async execute_script(query)[source]¶

Executes a RAW SQL script with multiple statements, and returns nothing.

Parameters:¶

query¶: The SQL string, which will be passed on verbatim. Semicolons is supported here.

Return type:¶

None

executor_class¶: alias of BaseExecutor

query_class¶: alias of Query

schema_generator¶: alias of BaseSchemaGenerator

class tortoise.Model(**kwargs)[source]¶

Base class for all Tortoise ORM Models.

class Meta[source]¶

The Meta class is used to configure metadata for the Model.

Usage:

class Foo(Model):
    ...

    class Meta:
        table="custom_table"
        unique_together=(("field_a", "field_b"), )

classmethod all(using_db=None)[source]¶

Returns the complete QuerySet.

Return type:¶: QuerySet[Self]

classmethod annotate(**kwargs)[source]¶

Annotates the result set with extra Functions/Aggregations/Expressions.

Parameters:¶

**kwargs¶: Parameter name and the Function/Aggregation to annotate with.

Return type:¶

QuerySet[Self]

classmethod bulk_create(objects, batch_size=None, ignore_conflicts=False, update_fields=None, on_conflict=None, using_db=None)[source]¶

Bulk insert operation:

Note

The bulk insert operation will do the minimum to ensure that the object created in the DB has all the defaults and generated fields set, but may be incomplete reference in Python.

e.g. IntField primary keys will not be populated.

This is recommended only for throw away inserts where you want to ensure optimal insert performance.

User.bulk_create([
    User(name="...", email="..."),
    User(name="...", email="...")
])

Parameters:¶

on_conflict=None¶: On conflict index name
update_fields=None¶: Update fields when conflicts
ignore_conflicts=False¶: Ignore conflicts when inserting
objects¶: List of objects to bulk create
batch_size=None¶: How many objects are created in a single query
using_db=None¶: Specific DB connection to use instead of default bound

Return type:¶

BulkCreateQuery[Model]

classmethod bulk_update(objects, fields, batch_size=None, using_db=None)[source]¶

Update the given fields in each of the given objects in the database. This method efficiently updates the given fields on the provided model instances, generally with one query.

users = [
    await User.create(name="...", email="..."),
    await User.create(name="...", email="...")
]
users[0].name = 'name1'
users[1].name = 'name2'

await User.bulk_update(users, fields=['name'])

Parameters:¶

objects¶: List of objects to bulk create
fields¶: The fields to update
batch_size=None¶: How many objects are created in a single query
using_db=None¶: Specific DB connection to use instead of default bound

Return type:¶

BulkUpdateQuery[Model]

clone(pk=<object object>)[source]¶

Create a new clone of the object that when you do a .save() will create a new record.

Parameters:¶

pk : Any: An optionally required value if the model doesn’t generate its own primary key. Any value you specify here will always be used.

Return type:¶

Model

Returns:¶

A copy of the current object without primary key information.

Raises:¶

ParamsError – If pk is required but not provided.

async classmethod create(using_db=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Create a record in the DB and returns the object.

user = await User.create(name="...", email="...")

Equivalent to:

user = User(name="...", email="...")
await user.save()

Parameters:¶

using_db=None¶: Specific DB connection to use instead of default bound
**kwargs¶: Model parameters.

Return type:¶

Model

async delete(using_db=None)[source]¶

Deletes the current model object.

Parameters:¶

using_db=None¶: Specific DB connection to use instead of default bound

Raises:¶

OperationalError – If object has never been persisted.

Return type:¶

None

classmethod describe(serializable=True)[source]¶

Describes the given list of models or ALL registered models.

Parameters:¶

serializable=True¶: False if you want raw python objects, True for JSON-serializable data. (Defaults to True)

Return type:¶

dict

Returns:¶

A dictionary containing the model description.

The base dict has a fixed set of keys that reference a list of fields (or a single field in the case of the primary key):

{
    "name":                 str     # Qualified model name
    "app":                  str     # 'App' namespace
    "table":                str     # DB table name
    "abstract":             bool    # Is the model Abstract?
    "description":          str     # Description of table (nullable)
    "docstring":            str     # Model docstring (nullable)
    "unique_together":      [...]   # List of List containing field names that
                                    #  are unique together
    "pk_field":             {...}   # Primary key field
    "data_fields":          [...]   # Data fields
    "fk_fields":            [...]   # Foreign Key fields FROM this model
    "backward_fk_fields":   [...]   # Foreign Key fields TO this model
    "o2o_fields":           [...]   # OneToOne fields FROM this model
    "backward_o2o_fields":  [...]   # OneToOne fields TO this model
    "m2m_fields":           [...]   # Many-to-Many fields
}

Each field is specified as defined in tortoise.fields.base.Field.describe()

classmethod exclude(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶

Generates a QuerySet with the exclude applied.

Parameters:¶

*args¶: Q functions containing constraints. Will be AND’ed.
**kwargs¶: Simple filter constraints.

Return type:¶

QuerySet[Self]

classmethod exists(*args, using_db=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Return True/False whether record exists with the provided filter parameters.

result = await User.exists(username="foo")

Parameters:¶

using_db=None¶: The specific DB connection to use.
*args¶: Q functions containing constraints. Will be AND’ed.
**kwargs¶: Simple filter constraints.

Return type:¶

ExistsQuery

async classmethod fetch_for_list(instance_list, *args, using_db=None)[source]¶

Fetches related models for provided list of Model objects.

Parameters:¶

instance_list¶: List of Model objects to fetch relations for.
*args¶: Relation names to fetch.
using_db=None¶: DO NOT USE

Return type:¶

None

async fetch_related(*args, using_db=None)[source]¶

Fetch related fields.

User.fetch_related("emails", "manager")

Parameters:¶

*args¶: The related fields that should be fetched.
using_db=None¶: Specific DB connection to use instead of default bound

Return type:¶

None

classmethod filter(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶

Generates a QuerySet with the filter applied.

Parameters:¶

*args¶: Q functions containing constraints. Will be AND’ed.
**kwargs¶: Simple filter constraints.

Return type:¶

QuerySet[Self]

classmethod first(using_db=None)[source]¶

Generates a QuerySet that returns the first record.

Return type:¶: QuerySetSingle[Optional[Self]]

classmethod get(*args, using_db=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Fetches a single record for a Model type using the provided filter parameters.

user = await User.get(username="foo")

Parameters:¶

using_db=None¶: The DB connection to use
*args¶: Q functions containing constraints. Will be AND’ed.
**kwargs¶: Simple filter constraints.

Raises:¶

MultipleObjectsReturned – If provided search returned more than one object.
DoesNotExist – If object can not be found.

Return type:¶

QuerySetSingle[Self]

async classmethod get_or_create(defaults=None, using_db=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Fetches the object if exists (filtering on the provided parameters), else creates an instance with any unspecified parameters as default values.

Parameters:¶

defaults=None¶: Default values to be added to a created instance if it can’t be fetched.
using_db=None¶: Specific DB connection to use instead of default bound
**kwargs¶: Query parameters.

Raises:¶

IntegrityError – If create failed
TransactionManagementError – If transaction error
ParamsError – If defaults conflict with kwargs

Return type:¶

Tuple[Self, bool]

classmethod get_or_none(*args, using_db=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Fetches a single record for a Model type using the provided filter parameters or None.

user = await User.get_or_none(username="foo")

Parameters:¶

using_db=None¶: The specific DB connection to use.
*args¶: Q functions containing constraints. Will be AND’ed.
**kwargs¶: Simple filter constraints.

Return type:¶

QuerySetSingle[Optional[Self]]

async classmethod in_bulk(id_list, field_name='pk', using_db=None)[source]¶

Return a dictionary mapping each of the given IDs to the object with that ID. If id_list isn’t provided, evaluate the entire QuerySet.

Parameters:¶

id_list¶: A list of field values
field_name='pk'¶: Must be a unique field
using_db=None¶: Specific DB connection to use instead of default bound

Return type:¶

Dict[str, Model]

property pk : Any¶

Alias to the models Primary Key. Can be used as a field name when doing filtering e.g. .filter(pk=...) etc…

Return type:¶: Any

classmethod raw(sql, using_db=None)[source]¶

Executes a RAW SQL and returns the result

result = await User.raw("select * from users where name like '%test%'")

Parameters:¶

using_db=None¶: The specific DB connection to use
sql¶: The raw sql.

Return type:¶

RawSQLQuery

async refresh_from_db(fields=None, using_db=None)[source]¶

Refresh latest data from db. When this method is called without arguments all db fields of the model are updated to the values currently present in the database.

user.refresh_from_db(fields=['name'])

Parameters:¶

fields=None¶: The special fields that to be refreshed.
using_db=None¶: Specific DB connection to use instead of default bound.

Raises:¶

OperationalError – If object has never been persisted.

Return type:¶

None

classmethod register_listener(signal, listener)[source]¶

Parameters:¶

signal¶: one of tortoise.signals.Signals
listener¶: callable listener

Raises:¶

ConfigurationError – When listener is not callable

async save(using_db=None, update_fields=None, force_create=False, force_update=False)[source]¶

Creates/Updates the current model object.

Parameters:¶

update_fields=None¶

If provided, it should be a tuple/list of fields by name.

This is the subset of fields that should be updated. If the object needs to be created update_fields will be ignored.

using_db=None¶

Specific DB connection to use instead of default bound

force_create=False¶

Forces creation of the record

force_update=False¶

Forces updating of the record

Raises:¶

IncompleteInstanceError – If the model is partial and the fields are not available for persistence.
IntegrityError – If the model can’t be created or updated (specifically if force_create or force_update has been set)

Return type:¶

None

classmethod select_for_update(nowait=False, skip_locked=False, of=(), using_db=None)[source]¶

Make QuerySet select for update.

Returns a queryset that will lock rows until the end of the transaction, generating a SELECT … FOR UPDATE SQL statement on supported databases.

Return type:¶: QuerySet[Self]

update_from_dict(data)[source]¶

Updates the current model with the provided dict. This can allow mass-updating a model from a dict, also ensuring that datatype conversions happen.

This will ignore any extra fields, and NOT update the model with them, but will raise errors on bad types or updating Many-instance relations.

Parameters:¶

data¶: The parameters you want to update in a dict format

Return type:¶

Model

Returns:¶

The current model instance

Raises:¶

ConfigurationError – When attempting to update a remote instance (e.g. a reverse ForeignKey or ManyToMany relation)
ValueError – When a passed parameter is not type compatible

async classmethod update_or_create(defaults=None, using_db=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

A convenience method for updating an object with the given kwargs, creating a new one if necessary.

Parameters:¶

defaults=None¶: Default values used to update the object.
using_db=None¶: Specific DB connection to use instead of default bound
**kwargs¶: Query parameters.

Return type:¶

Tuple[Model, bool]

class tortoise.Tortoise[source]¶

apps : Dict[str, Dict[str, Type[Model]]] = {}¶

async classmethod close_connections()[source]¶

Close all connections cleanly.

It is required for this to be called on exit, else your event loop may never complete as it is waiting for the connections to die.

Warning

This is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use connections.close_all instead.

Return type:¶: None

classmethod describe_model(model, serializable=True)[source]¶

Describes the given list of models or ALL registered models.

Parameters:¶

model¶: The Model to describe
serializable=True¶: False if you want raw python objects, True for JSON-serializable data. (Defaults to True)

See tortoise.models.Model.describe()

Warning

This is deprecated, please use tortoise.models.Model.describe() instead

Return type:¶: dict

classmethod describe_models(models=None, serializable=True)[source]¶

Describes the given list of models or ALL registered models.

Parameters:¶

models=None¶: List of models to describe, if not provided then describes ALL registered models
serializable=True¶: False if you want raw python objects, True for JSON-serializable data. (Defaults to True)

Return type:¶

Dict[str, dict]

Returns:¶

A dictionary containing the model qualifier as key, and the same output as describe_model(...) as value:

{
    "models.User": {...},
    "models.Permission": {...}
}

async classmethod generate_schemas(safe=True)[source]¶

Generate schemas according to models provided to .init() method. Will fail if schemas already exists, so it’s not recommended to be used as part of application workflow

Parameters:¶

safe=True¶: When set to true, creates the table only when it does not already exist.

Raises:¶

ConfigurationError – When .init() has not been called.

Return type:¶

None

classmethod get_connection(connection_name)[source]¶

Returns the connection by name.

Raises:¶: ConfigurationError – If connection name does not exist.

Warning

This is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use connections.get instead.

Return type:¶: BaseDBAsyncClient

async classmethod init(config=None, config_file=None, _create_db=False, db_url=None, modules=None, use_tz=False, timezone='UTC', routers=None)[source]¶

Sets up Tortoise-ORM.

You can configure using only one of config, config_file and (db_url, modules).

Parameters:¶

config=None¶

Dict containing config:

Example

{
    'connections': {
        # Dict format for connection
        'default': {
            'engine': 'tortoise.backends.asyncpg',
            'credentials': {
                'host': 'localhost',
                'port': '5432',
                'user': 'tortoise',
                'password': 'qwerty123',
                'database': 'test',
            }
        },
        # Using a DB_URL string
        'default': 'postgres://postgres:qwerty123@localhost:5432/test'
    },
    'apps': {
        'my_app': {
            'models': ['__main__'],
            # If no default_connection specified, defaults to 'default'
            'default_connection': 'default',
        }
    },
    'routers': ['path.router1', 'path.router2'],
    'use_tz': False,
    'timezone': 'UTC'
}

config_file=None¶

Path to .json or .yml (if PyYAML installed) file containing config with same format as above.

db_url=None¶

Use a DB_URL string. See DB_URL

modules=None¶

Dictionary of key: [list_of_modules] that defined “apps” and modules that should be discovered for models.

_create_db=False¶

If True tries to create database for specified connections, could be used for testing purposes.

use_tz=False¶

A boolean that specifies if datetime will be timezone-aware by default or not.

timezone='UTC'¶

Timezone to use, default is UTC.

routers=None¶

A list of db routers str path or module.

Raises:¶

ConfigurationError – For any configuration error

Return type:¶

None

classmethod init_models(models_paths, app_label, _init_relations=True)[source]¶

Early initialisation of Tortoise ORM Models.

Initialise the relationships between Models. This does not initialise any database connection.

Parameters:¶

models_paths¶: Models paths to initialise
app_label¶: The app label, e.g. ‘models’
_init_relations=True¶: Whether to init relations or not

Raises:¶

ConfigurationError – If models are invalid.

Return type:¶

None