3.3. 堆栈
.. Copyright (C) Brad Miller, David Ranum This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
Stacks¶
A stack (sometimes called a push-down stack) is an ordered collection of items where the addition of new items and the removal of existing items always takes place at the same end. This end is commonly referred to as the top. The end opposite the top is known as the base.
The base of the stack is significant since items stored in the stack that are closer to the base represent those that have been in the stack the longest. The most recently added item is the one that is in position to be removed first. This ordering principle is sometimes called LIFO, or last in, first out. It provides an ordering based on length of time in the collection. Newer items are near the top, while older items are near the base.
Many examples of stacks occur in everyday situations. Almost any
cafeteria has a stack of trays or plates where you take the one at the
top, uncovering a new tray or plate for the next customer in line.
Imagine a stack of books on a desk (:ref:Figure 1 <fig_bookstack>). The only
book whose cover is visible is the one on top. To access others in the
stack, we need to remove the ones that are sitting on top of them.
:ref:Figure 2 <fig_objectstack> shows another stack that contains a number
of primitive Python data objects.
.. _fig_bookstack:
.. figure:: Figures/bookstack2.png :align: center :scale: 50 %
Figure 1: A Stack of Books
.. _fig_objectstack:
.. figure:: Figures/primitive.png :align: center :scale: 50 %
Figure 2: A Stack of Primitive Python Data Objects
One of the most useful properties of stacks can be observed
as items are added and then removed. Assume you
start out with a clean desktop. Now place books one at a time on top of
each other. You are constructing a stack. Consider what happens when you
begin removing books. The order that they are removed is exactly the
reverse of the order that they were placed. Stacks are fundamentally
important, as they can be used to reverse the order of items. The order
of insertion is the reverse of the order of removal.
:ref:Figure 3 <fig_reversal> shows the Python data object stack as it was
created and then again as items are removed. Note the order of the
objects.
.. _fig_reversal:
.. figure:: Figures/simplereversal.png :align: center
Figure 3: The Reversal Property of Stacks
Considering this reversal property, you can perhaps think of examples of stacks that occur as you use your computer. For example, every web browser has a Back button. As you navigate from web page to web page, those pages are placed on a stack (actually it is the URLs that are going on the stack). The current page that you are viewing is on the top and the first page you looked at is at the base. If you click on the Back button, you begin to move in reverse order through the pages.
创建日期: 2023年10月10日